Journal: Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry

Article Title: NMDA receptors in the insular cortex modulate cardiovascular and autonomic but not neuroendocrine responses to restraint stress in rats.

doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1. Representation of injection sites. (A) Photomicrograph of a coronal brain section depicting bilateral microinjection sites into the IC of a representative animal. (B) Diagrammatic representations of the bilateral microinjection sites into the IC of LY235959 (1 nmol/100 nL (n = 7) - blue circles), NBQX (1 nmol/100 nL (n = 7) - pink circles) and vehicle aCSF (100 nL (n = 8) - black circles). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: NBQX (Tocris Bioscience, USA; selective non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist) and LY235959 (Tocris Bioscience, USA; selective NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist) were dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) (100 mM NaCl; 2 mM Na3PO4; 2.5 mM KCl; 1.0 mM MgCl2; 27 mM NaHCO3; 2.5 mM CaC2; pH 7.4).

Techniques: Injection, Microinjection

Journal: Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry

Article Title: NMDA receptors in the insular cortex modulate cardiovascular and autonomic but not neuroendocrine responses to restraint stress in rats.

doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2. Change of mean arterial pressure (ΔMAP) and heart rate (ΔHR) in animals subjected to restraint stress. Time-course curves of ΔMAP and ΔHR in animals treated with artificial cerebrospinal fluid aCSF (100 nL (n = 8); white circles), the selective NMDA receptor antagonist LY235959 (1 nmol/100 nL (n = 7); black circles), or the selective non-NMDA receptor antagonist NBQX (1 nmol/100 nL (n = 7); grey circles). At time 0 the animals were submitted to restraint stress. The circles represent the mean values ± SEM. # p < 0.05 indicates that treatment differs from control (aCSF) after two-way ANOVA. * p < 0.05 indicates the time when the group showed a difference compared to the aCSF group, by the Bonferroni's post-test of multiple comparisons. Abbreviations: bpm - beats per minute; mmHg - millimeters of mercury; ΔMAP - mean blood pressure delta; ΔHR – heart rate delta.

Article Snippet: NBQX (Tocris Bioscience, USA; selective non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist) and LY235959 (Tocris Bioscience, USA; selective NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist) were dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) (100 mM NaCl; 2 mM Na3PO4; 2.5 mM KCl; 1.0 mM MgCl2; 27 mM NaHCO3; 2.5 mM CaC2; pH 7.4).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry

Article Title: NMDA receptors in the insular cortex modulate cardiovascular and autonomic but not neuroendocrine responses to restraint stress in rats.

doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3. Representative recordings of pulsatile arterial pressure (PAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). Records throughout the experi ment, including the restraint stress, in animals treated with aCSF (100 nL), LY235959 (1 nmol/100 nL) or NBQX (1 nmol/100 nL). Abbreviations: bpm - beats per minute; mmHg - millimeters of mercury; MAP - mean blood pressure; HR – heart rate; PAP - pulsatile blood pressure.

Article Snippet: NBQX (Tocris Bioscience, USA; selective non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist) and LY235959 (Tocris Bioscience, USA; selective NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist) were dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) (100 mM NaCl; 2 mM Na3PO4; 2.5 mM KCl; 1.0 mM MgCl2; 27 mM NaHCO3; 2.5 mM CaC2; pH 7.4).

Techniques:

Journal: Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry

Article Title: NMDA receptors in the insular cortex modulate cardiovascular and autonomic but not neuroendocrine responses to restraint stress in rats.

doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4. Change of tail skin temperature (Δ tail skin temperature) of animals subjected to restraint stress. (A and B) Time-course curve of Δ tail skin temperature in animals treated with in animals treated with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF - 100 nL (n = 8); white circles), the selective NMDA receptor antagonist LY235959 (1 nmol/100 nL (n = 7); black circles), or the selective non-NMDA receptor antagonist NBQX (1 nmol/100 nL (n = 7); grey circles). At time 0 the animals were submitted to restraint stress. The circles represent the mean values ± SEM. # p < 0.05 indicates that treatment differs from control (aCSF) after two-way ANOVA. * * p < 0.05 indicates the time when the group showed a difference compared to the aCSF group, by the Bonferroni's post-test of multiple comparisons. (C) Tail skin infrared digital images of representative rats showing the tail skin temperature before, at first, 10, 20 and 30 min of restraint stress in animals treated intra-IC with either saline, the selective NMDA antagonist or the NON-NMDA antagonist. All images use the same color coding to indicate the temperature.

Article Snippet: NBQX (Tocris Bioscience, USA; selective non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist) and LY235959 (Tocris Bioscience, USA; selective NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist) were dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) (100 mM NaCl; 2 mM Na3PO4; 2.5 mM KCl; 1.0 mM MgCl2; 27 mM NaHCO3; 2.5 mM CaC2; pH 7.4).

Techniques: Control, Saline

Journal: Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry

Article Title: NMDA receptors in the insular cortex modulate cardiovascular and autonomic but not neuroendocrine responses to restraint stress in rats.

doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 6. Serum corticosterone concentration in animals subjected to restraint stress. Circulating corticosterone concentration before during restraint (stress, 15 min after restraint onset) in animals treated with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF - 100 nL (n = 5); white bars), the selective NMDA receptor antag onist LY235959 (1 nmol/100 nL (n = 8); light grey bars) or the selective non- NMDA receptor antagonist NBQX (1 nmol/100 nL (n = 8); dark grey bars). The bars represent the mean values ± SEM. The groups were compared using two- way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: NBQX (Tocris Bioscience, USA; selective non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist) and LY235959 (Tocris Bioscience, USA; selective NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist) were dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) (100 mM NaCl; 2 mM Na3PO4; 2.5 mM KCl; 1.0 mM MgCl2; 27 mM NaHCO3; 2.5 mM CaC2; pH 7.4).

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry

Article Title: NMDA receptors in the insular cortex modulate cardiovascular and autonomic but not neuroendocrine responses to restraint stress in rats.

doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 5. Baroreflex activity assessed by the sequence analysis technique. Analysis was performed during before IC treatment (basal); after IC treatment (treatment) and during restraint stress at periods 5–10 min (point 1) and 20–25 min (point 2) in animals treated with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF - 100 nL (n = 5); white bars), the selective NMDA receptor antagonist LY235959 (1 nmol/100 nL (n = 7); light grey bars) or the selective non-NMDA receptor antagonist NBQX (1 nmol/100 nL (n = 5); dark grey bars). Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity was assessed during increases (up sequence) and decreases (down sequence) of SAP, as well as the average of all sequences (mean up and down sequences). (TOP) Baroreflex effectivenness index (BEI) (BOTTOM) Baroreflex gain. The bars represent the mean values ± SEM. * p < 0.05 indicates difference compared to the aCSF group after two-way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: NBQX (Tocris Bioscience, USA; selective non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist) and LY235959 (Tocris Bioscience, USA; selective NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist) were dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) (100 mM NaCl; 2 mM Na3PO4; 2.5 mM KCl; 1.0 mM MgCl2; 27 mM NaHCO3; 2.5 mM CaC2; pH 7.4).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Sequencing